Just when I start thinking we 21st Century types are soooooo smart,
someone digs up some old dude who had it so much more together than we
do. One such old dude is John Evelyn, who was all over a diet of
vegetables about, oh, 300-plus years ago. Contributor Anthony Boutard of
Ayers Creek Farm has been getting to know Mr. Evelyn of late, and
shares his discoveries with us. Read Part One here.
Before Karen and Frank Morton veered into the seed business, their
Wild Garden Seed salad greens were cherished by Portland restaurants. We love hearing Cathy Whims [when she was the chef at Genoa in the late 90s] describe the careful attention the Mortons paid to preparing the
ever-changing mixture of greens, every leaf perfect, delivered in a damp
muslin bag. Evelyn
(above, by Robert Walker) demanded the same attention for his mixture; "let
your herby ingredients be exquisitely cull'd and cleans'd of all
worm-eaten, slimy, canker'd, dry, spotted or in any ways vitiated
leaves." He specifies spring water for washing and, after draining,
swinging them gently in a coarse napkin to draw off excess moisture.
The
carefully gathered greens need the finest couture de cuisine. For oil
in the dressing, he commends omphacine pressed from olives native to the
Republic of Lucca, now a province of Italy and still producing superb
olives. Olive oil had a range of uses and grades, including lighting and
lubrication, as well as food. Omphacine is the first pressing of green
olives, what we call, implausibly, "extra virgin" today. For the
contrasting acid, the best wine vinegar is specified, though lemon and
the tart juice squeezed from verjus grapes also meet his approval. If
that special grape type is not available, the freshly squeezed juice
from other small, unripe grapes will do. For salt, he favors the
"brightest bay grey-salt," what is sold today as fleur de sel and sel
gris. The seasonings are English mustard, preferably from Tewksberry,
and pepper (black or white). The yolk of a freshly laid egg, boiled
moderately hard, is allowed as desired.
He finishes up
with the tools needed. These include a willow or osier basket with
partitions to separate the various salad greens as they are collected so
the correct proportions are used, a silver knife to trim them, and a
porcelain or Delft-ware bowl for serving. The iron knife, pewter and
silver bowls in use at the time would leave the salad with an unpleasant
metallic flavor. In his attention to detail and proportion in preparing
and presenting his salad, Evelyn has no rival even among the most fussy
modern chefs and gardeners.
The latter half of
"Acetaria" deals with seasonality and health, and what we refer to as
"industrial food" today. Evelyn inveighs against the flaccid vegetables
raised in urban hotbeds prepared from over-rich stable muck and other
filth collected from the city streets, favoring instead the healthy
vegetables grown in the rich humus of the countryside and hedgerows. He
also disparages "forwarding," pushing the vegetable and fruit growth
outside of their natural seasons and into inferior quality. He promotes
the merits of a diet of vegetables.
Evelyn was not a
vegetarian per se; he was an ardent lover of vegetables and a southern
diet, what we refer to as the Mediterranean diet. He advocated eating
mostly plants, and was appalled by the slaughter methods in London's
abattoirs, much in the same spirit as Michael Pollan pushes us to think
about our food's origin and quality. However, he was not wantonly
dogmatic, so he leaves the question of whether salad should come before
or after the savory dishes convincingly explored and learnedly
unresolved, as it still is more than three centuries later.
In
addition to the original 1699 edition, "Acetaria" has been reprinted at
least four times. In 1934, the Women's Auxiliary of the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden published the complete work in an edition of 1,000
copies, nicely bound with hand cut signatures. This version is available
electronically on
Gutenberg.
Still Point Press of Dallas, Texas published a numbered edition of
1,000 on high quality French paper (1985) along with a few
illustrations, bound with a leather spine. Unfortunately, this handsome
edition leaves out the Greek and Latin passages and the margin notes,
and the artsy illustrations have no botanical merit. A 1996 version of
"Acetaria,"
published by Prospect Books, now in paperback (2005), retains the whole
text and translates the Greek passages, a more satisfactory approach.
Finally, The Grand Salad (Peacock Vane, Isle of Wight, 1984) is a book
based on passages from "Acetaria." Sadly, it is hard to read as it is
handwritten in a calligraphic style. The work also has egregious
deletions and some additional dry text that adds nothing to Evelyn's
original, despite its good intentions.
Read The Vegetables of Vinegar & Salt, Part One.